DOS (Disk Operating System) is a single-tasking, single-user command-line operating system. Microsoft created the original version in 1981 for IBM and was called PC-DOS. Microsoft then ported and sold the system to IBM-PC compatible computers manufactured by others than IBM under the name of the Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS). This version was the most popular OS at the time. In...

ALGOL which is short for ALGOrithmic Language is a programming language suitable for writing algorithms. It was made in 1959, but the most widespread version is ALGOL-60, which was adopted at an international conference in Paris and was perfected by specialists from the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP). ALGOL was used on large numerical computers. the SUBSETALGOL-60...

The APL named after the book A Programming Language is an interactive board-oriented language and development environment that is available from commercial and non-commercial providers for most platforms. It is based on a mathematical notation invented by Kenneth E. Iverson. The unique combination of unique or unusual features of APL language ranks it among the most productive programming...

BASIC BASIC (an acronym for English Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a high-level computer programming language, very similar to English, making it easy to remember and ideal for beginners. Thus, the generation of users that were the predecessors of the PC era took the first contact with programming through HC computers, which were based on a version of BASIC. It’s a...

Cayenne is a functionally dependent programming language, created by Lennart Augustsson in 1998, making it one of the oldest dependent programming language. An important design decision is that the language allows unrestricted recursive functions to be used at the type level, making the type of verification undecided. There are very few building blocks in the language. The basic types are...

Curry is an experimental functional logic programming language based on Haskell language. It combines the elements of functional and logical programming, including the integration of constraint programming. It is almost a superset of Haskell, lacking support, especially for overloading using type classes, which some implementations provide anyway as an extension of language, such as the Münster...

Epigram is a functional programming language with dependent types. The epigram also refers to the IDE, usually packaged with the language. The Epigram type system is powerful enough to express the program specifications. Its purpose is to support a smooth transition from regular programs to integrated programs and evidence whose correctness can be verified and certified by the compiler. Epigram...

Cyclone is intended to be a secure C language dialect. It is designed to avoid buffer overrides and other vulnerabilities that are possible in C programs, without losing C’s power and convenience as a system programming tool. Cyclone development was initiated as a joint project by AT&T Labs Research and the Greg Morrisett Group at Cornell in 2001. Version 1.0 was released on May 8, 2006...

Fortran is a programming language born in 1950 and still used after half a century of existence. Its name originates from the “Formula Translating System.” Older versions of this language were known as FORTRAN, but after Fortran 90 the name was not fully capitalized. Although at first, it was a procedural language, the latest versions included support for object programming. The first...